The subject of cool storage and refrigeration, as applied to the preservation of meat, dairy produce, fruit etc. was occupying the attention of experts throughout the world at the close of the 19th century, and it was not long before the fruit growers realized the potential which lay behind the industry for them, and it is to the credit of the local growers that Doncaster led the Commonwealth in the introduction of Cool Storage. The new industry opened up wide fields in the export trade and made it possible for fresh fruit to be sold throughout the year for domestic consumption. The system was based on the principle of the evaporation of liquid ammonia and was first introduced into Victoria by Rudolf Werner & Company, Refrigeration Engineers of Burnley Street, Richmond.
The rapid development of the fruit industry was largely brought about by co-operation among the growers; as early as 1885 they had banded together to protest against the Government decision to allow unrestricted imports of Tasmanian apples into Victoria, and they were quick to realize the advantages of co-operation. The Doncaster Fruit-growers Association was formed at a public meeting in the Atheneum on the 1st April, 1892, when Mr. Fred Thiele was elected President and Mr. Sykes, Secretary, the aims of the association were to try and modernise the industry by educating the growers. Arrangements were made for speakers to lecture on the best methods of agriculture, and in combating such pests as blight, fungi, and codlin moth etc. Shortly after, efforts were made to amalgamate the district fruit growing associations which led to the formation of the Doncaster and Amalgamated Fruit Growers Association which, in turn, became the Victorian Fruit Growers Central Association in March 1893.
The voice of the local association kept a vigilant watch on the growers' interests but, at the same time, endeavoured to be impartial. On one occasion in 1895, the Castlemaine Branch proposed that the Victorian Government be asked to place a duty of 6d. a bushell on bananas; the local speakers, however, pointed out that such provision might benefit the revenue but would only tend to take the living away from the Queensland grower without being of any real assistance to the local growers.
The first attempts to try out the new method of cool storage was previous to the year 1900 when certain independent growers sent fruit for preserving to the Glaciarium in South Melbourne, then, in 1903, the President of the newly formed Doncaster - Box Hill Show Society, Mr. Alex Hunter, packed eggs and apples for preservation. The samples were opened 6 months later on July 27th, 1903, in the presence of the Minister of Agriculture and found to be in perfect condition. In February of that year, the Doncaster Fruit Growers Co-operative Company was formed at a public meeting chaired by Mr. Tom Petty at the Atheneum. It had as its objective the buying of space in overseas' steamers for fruit export; the company also established a jam manufactory at Richmond to assist in disposing of the surplus fruit. The export of fruit proved quite a success but the jam factory lost heavily and the company was compelled to close within a couple of years.
In August, 1903, the first approach was made to the Government for the erection of a Cool Store when Mr. Tom Petty moved at a conference of fruit growers that the Government be asked to provide additional cool storage accommodation and to provide space on steamers for overseas' shipments of fruit. At the same meeting, Cr. Sell drew attention to the long delays that were often encountered in consigning fruit by rail to Sydney; "it is not uncommon" he said " for fruit trucks to be shunted off the mail train at Junee Junction and be left standing in the siding for more than 24 hours."
In October, 1904, the Bent administration placed £2,000 on the estimates for the erection of a cool store at Doncaster - the first in the state. At first it was proposed that it should be erected in the tower paddock and, in consequence, the tower would have to be lowered to the first platform. "It wont matter much" said one newspaper, "as few visitors ever dare to climb beyond that point." The trouble was later absolved when Mr. William Stutt offered the Government half an acre behind the Doncaster Hotel. The store, which had capacity for 6,000 cases, was officially opened by Mr. (later Sir) Frank Madden on the 16th March, 1905, and was followed by a very fine banquet given by Mr. Stutt to mark the occasion. The first engineer at the store was Mr. French who was one of Victoria's first refrigeration engineers.
During the year 1906 the Templestowe Shire received an unfortunate setback from which they never fully recovered, when their Shire Secretary and Engineer, Lindsay Russell, defrauded them out of £630, an amount which represented nearly a year's revenue to them. Russell, who resided at Camberwell, was engaged as Shire Secretary on the death of Mr. O'Brien in 1904 and his defalcations commenced almost immediately. He was also Secretary to the Upper Yarra Shire and Engineer to Doncaster and Nunawading Shires etc.
No inkling was received that anything was amiss in the Shire's finances until October, 1906, when Mr. P. S. Franklin, Shire Treasurer, sent in his resignation owing to the unbusinesslike manner in which Russell was keeping the accounts. No meeting could be held for some time owing to Russell's supposed illness and, when one was finally convened on November 26th, it was stated that Russell had given himself up to the police and had admitted stealing large sums from the Templestowe and Upper Yarra Councils.
The Shire President, Cr. Hunter, in moving that Mr. H. J. Price (Shire Secretary, Heidelberg) be appointed Secretary temporarily, said that the Council was fortunate as they could not have a better man to rely on at such a time. Mr. Price, in reply, said: "the first and all important step was to get in every penny they could so as to relieve themselves as soon as possible of their liabilities. It would be necessary to fix up the estimates without delay and give notice of the rate intended to be struck. Their position was most unfortunate but they would have to face it fearlessly and be lenient to no-one." It was decided that they had no option but to strike a rate of 1/6. Mr. J. S. Gillespie, formerly rate collector of Heidelberg, was appointed Shire Secretary in January and Mr. W. P. Skeane, Engineer.
Russell, who was tried on six counts of forgery and embezzlement to the amount of more than £200 from the Upper Yarra Shire and the Lilydale Warburton Railway Trust before Mr. Justice Chomley in the Supreme Court on December 14th, looked troubled and haggard in the dock, and Mr. G. A. Maxwell later remembered as the "Blind Council" - made an eloquent address on his behalf, requesting the judge to treat him as leniently as possible. Mr. Justice Chomley, however, said that the learned counsel had been unable to suggest any valid grounds why the prisoner should be lightly dealt with; in regard to the embezzling he may have been led into it by bad accountancy; but the two acts of forgery, one by changing a cheque from £7 to £97, and the other by changing £1 to £51 could not have been committed without knowledge of the nature of the crime committed. He was sentenced to three years' imprisonment.
The death of the Rev. Max Von Schramm in November, 1908, removed an outstanding personality in the early days of Doncaster. His father, Henrich Von Schramm, was a major in the German Army Reserve and a brother won the Iron Cross of valor in the Franco-Prussian War. He came to Australia first in 1852 after spending seven years at sea and in which service he rose to the rank of Mate. At first he tried his luck on the Bathurst Goldfields and, finding no luck, he walked overland to Melbourne and, getting into rather low water, was working in a soap factory at Port Melbourne when he met Mr. Gotleib Thiele, who invited him to come to Doncaster and be their teacher. At first he opened a school in his home, and later opened a school under the National Schools Board. On retiring from the school in 1876, he studied for the Ministry and was Lutheran Pastor until a short time before his death. The Argus paid him a high tribute and stated that he had been a weekly visitor to the Melbourne, Alfred and Childrens' Hospitals for more than 50 years. Another distinguished resident who passed away the same year was Sir Thomas Fitzgerald, who built the well-known property of "Tullamore" (about 1883). He died on board the S.S. "Wyreema" whilst on a sea voyage between Townsville and Cairns. He was born at Tullamore, Ireland, on the 1st August, 1838, and arrived in Melbourne in 1858; he was a surgeon at the Melbourne Hospital for some years and later entered into private practise. He was also honorary consulting surgeon to the Queen Victoria, St. Vincents and Austin Hospitals, and gave distinguished services in the Boer War. At the time of his Knighthood by Queen Victoria in 1897, the Australian Medical Gazette commented as follows :- "It is not too much to say that if a poll was taken of the profession from Port Darwin to Wilson's Promontory and from Auckland to Perth it would have been hard to find a more worthy recipient for the honour than Dr. Thomas Fitzgerald."
The year 1910 commenced with a brush between the Templestowe Council and the local Cricket Club, over the opening of the Recreation Ground which had just previously been purchased by the Club and handed over to the Council. Addressing the Council, the President, Cr. Smith, said the ground had been taken over by the Council in trust for the ratepayers and it was the duty of any club wishing to use the reserve to ask the Council for permission first. The Templestowe Cricket Club had been using the ground without asking any permission, and he understood there had been a little jollification; the Club President had actually taken it upon himself to declare the ground open. He took this as a slight and a slur on the Council and moved that the Secretary write to the Cricket Club requesting them to send in an application for the use of the ground. In formally seconding the motion, Cr. T. H. Petty said it was no fault of the Club that permission had not been asked; the Secretary had been instructed to apply but had evidently omitted to do so; As a match had been arranged with the Warrandyte Club and they could not very well postpone it whilst they awaited an official opening of the ground.
A marked increase in the production of fruit from the years 1906 to 1912 was probably due to the number of new orchards planted at East Doncaster and Templestowe about the turn of the century, and the Government Cool Store proved quite inadequate to the task; almost from the beginning it was increased in size from 6,000 to 10,000 cases about 1907 and was again extended from 10,000 to 20,000 in 1909, when the oil engine was replaced with a suction gas plant and complete new refrigeration machinery was installed at a total cost of £2,226. The additions were again opened by the Premier of the day, the Hon. John Murray Esq. on April 22nd, 1910. The store was purchased from the Government by the growers in 1915 and renamed the Central Cool Stores. It was closed in 1932 owing to the poor prices ruling in the fruit world and the amount of repairs necessary for the machinery.
The Government Cool Store was again proving inadequate even with the improvements, and in May, 1911, the Box Hill Reporter announced that a number of growers had decided to band together and build another cool store; "a site has already been purchased" they said, "and it is hoped to have it ready by the fruit season." The store, which is now known as the West Doncaster Cool Stores, was founded by Messrs. John Tully and John Tom Petty and today has capacity for 40,000 cases. Mr. Albert Tully was Secretary of the company and Mr. H. J. Hilton - the pioneer of the Doncaster Tramway Company - was first refrigeration engineer.
During the years considerable progress had been made to public institutions and transport etc. In 1896 a 2-inch water main was laid from the Surrey Hills Reservoir to the Doncaster Shire Hall which proved extremely useful for domestic purposes. A telephone was established at the Doncaster Post Office in February, 1903, largely through the efforts of the Doncaster Fruit Growers Association who found guarantors to the extent of £65. The calls at first were 3d. a time but were reduced to a 1d. in 1907; the lack of suitable trees to tie the line to prevented its extension to East Doncaster for a number of years, and it was not until 1910 that it was laid to the East Doncaster Post Office which was then at the State School. The same year telephone communications were laid to Matthews Post Office Store near the corner of High Street, Templestowe. In 1907 the E.S. & A. Bank purchased the Old National School and extended it into one of the most up-to-date branches in the district.
In November, 1912, it was announced that Victor Sonenberg, who was running a twice-daily mail service as far as the Doncaster Hotel, intended to operate from East Doncaster to Box Hill 5 times a day, with 3 services on Saturday and 2 on Sunday. Sonenberg was operating a handsom 4-horse wagon which took 45 minutes for the journey, but it was motor transport that was the talk of the day - even electric trams were outdated according to a resolution passed by the Prahran Council in December, 1911. It stated: "that the time has arrived when the present system of electric traction for municipal tramway purposes is almost, if not quite, outdated and that motor buses of the most modern type be substituted."
In December, 1912, the Doncaster people had their first experiences of motor buses when Mr. A. C. Withers ran a motor bus service from Doncaster to the Kew Tram Terminus in conjunction with the Doncaster Progress Association. The service operated for 2 years until it was forced off the road owing to the existence of the first World War. Considerable credit is due to Mr. H. M. De Mole, the local bank manager and secretary to the Progress Association for his untiring efforts to keep this service running.
In December, Sonenberg also announced that he was purchasing a fine new motor bus that would accommodate 26 people, and would make the journey to Box Hill in 15 minutes; he, however, likewise operated it only for a short time and went back to horses during the world war.
The serious financial straits of the Templestowe Shire had rather an amusing prelude in July, 1913, when the President, Cr. Speers, stated that he thought £12 was too much for the Presidential allowance and that as the Council was weak financially, he proposed to donate £2 to be expended on the boundary road between Warrandyte and Lilydale. Cr. F. Tresise took immediate exception, saying: "I do not approve of it, the President has been put to a great deal of expense, £12 is little enough, he is creating a precedent and it is hardly fair." Cr. Hunter: "I second the motion, I think it is a very bad precedent for the President to institute, we all know what his duties are in a Council like this."
The President: "I must decline to accept the motion."
Cr. Hunter: "You will be doing a wrong act if you refuse the motion, the sum of £12 does not pay you for the trouble; the President is out of pocket."
The President: "I beg your pardon, I am not out of pocket, I have a surplus."
Cr. Hunter: "And what about the lost time?"
The President: "I reckon a man ought to be able to put up with that."
Cr. F. McNamara:"It rests with the President, what he does with £2 or £20, but it is not quite right to do it that way."
Cr. W. Sloan: "I am in favour of the motion, but if the President says he wont accept it, then we can't do much about it."
The President: "Well I may accept the motion, but honestly I don't want to.
Cr. McNamar: "Give it to charity."
Cr. Smith: "Give it in a private way, that's what I would do."
The motion was put and carried.
In October, the Templestowe Shire suffered a grievous loss with the death of the Secretary, Mr. J. S. Gillespie. He had rendered sterling service to the Council since his appointment in 1907, and had endeared himself to everyone in Templestowe. Though known to be suffering from an incurable malady, he had discharged his duties with courtesy and efficiency to the last. Speaking to the President's motion of sympathy, Cr. Speers said it was indeed a painful task, "I always thought that with Mr. Gillespie's assistance, we had a chance of getting this Shire on a solid footing."
Mr. W. Thomas, the Doncaster Shire Secretary, was appointed to succeed Mr. Gillespie, but their hopes of getting the Shire on a sound basis were dashed within a couple of years when the Minister for Public Works officially directed that they were to re-unite with the Shire of Doncaster. The end came about in rather a melodramatic fashion.
In April, 1915, Crs. Tully, Zerbe and Clay of the Doncaster Shire were present at a meeting of the Templestowe Shire to discuss a direction from the Public Works Department that the Shire Engineer be paid a fixed salary of at least £100 a year, when a registered letter came to hand from the Hon. F. Hagelthorn, Minister of Public Works, stating that, as the general and extra rates levied by the Templestowe Shire during the 12 months ending September 3rd, 1914, did not yield the sum of £1,500, the Minister intended on the expiry of not less than 3 months from the date given on such notice, to proceed to obtain an order-in-Council, under the ammended Local Government Act 1915 to unite the Templestowe Council to the Shire of Doncaster.
The President, Cr. Sloan: "That's the Shire's death notice."
Cr. Speers: "I welcome it." I have always been in favour of amalgamation."
Cr. Zerbe commented that the matter of amalgamation had been looming on the horizon for some time, personally he thought the Doncaster people would be happy to say to Templestowe "come along with us". "It is a coincidence, he added, that in May next it will be 25 years since the old Bulleen Shire was divided into the Shires of Doncaster and Templestowe."
Cr. Clay disagreed, saying that he preferred home rule for Shires, and he thought that when men were willing to carry out their work they should be left alone. Cr. Tresise of Warrandyte said he was glad they were amalgamating with Doncaster and not another Shire.
The last meeting of the Templestowe Shire took place on 28th September, 1915. No special elections were held until August the following year when Templestowe and Warrandyte became the one riding. It was not until the year 1926 that Warrandyte severed and formed a separate riding.
In November, 1913, much regret was caused by an announcement that the Doncaster tower was unsafe and would have to be demolished, a steady stream of visitors came from the city armed with cameras, while the locals would take lingering glances at the old land mark as they passed in their automobiles. "The Doncaster Hill," said one newspaper, "will be as common place as Bunkers Hill without the tower." A letter was received from Cr. W. H. Hiscock of Kew urging the Doncaster Council to purchase the tower and make a small charge for admission in order to defray the cost of repairs. The Councillors were sympathetic; Cr. John Tully stated that he would be sorry to see such an old land mark removed and it was decided that the President and Secretary would keep a close eye on it with the view of taking prompt action if the occasion arose; unfortunately they were rather thrown off their guard by a statement by the proprietor that he intended to build another tower - bigger, better and 40 feet taller than the other one. By mid-February, 1914, all that remained was a few heaps of rubble and timber. The flag pole was presented to the Shire President, Cr. H. Clay (it now stands at the Doncaster Bowling Green) and an ink stand was made from the timber by Master Petty and presented to Mrs. Hummel in Tasmania and, of course, the new tower never eventuated.
Proposals that Doncaster should instal the electric light were made in May, 1914, but met with a mixed reception though Lilydale and Nunawading Shires had previously decided to proceed with a similar electrical supply scheme. In July of that year, a deputation from the Progress Association and led by Mr. A. F. Thiele waited on the Council, to urge that they proceed with the scheme immediately; they estimated that the overall cost would not be more than £3,000. The Councillors were hesitant and Mr. John Petty suggested that, for the sake of £10 to £20, they should seek expert advice; he was supported by Cr. Zerbe who said that economy had been their watchword for the past 25 years and it was time they became more progressive.
On July 27th plans and specifications for three different projects were placed before the Council by Mr. V. J. Crowley, and Electrical Engineer of Elizabeth Street, City. One plan entailed the erection of a power house and had an overall cost of £4,616; as it was estimated that at least 150 homes would be required to accept the light for it to be a payable proposition, he recommended the second plan which entailed the purchase of the current from the Melbourne Electric Supply Company's point at Koonung Creek. It was estimated that the overall cost of this would be £1,835 and that they would need to borrow £2,000. The project entailed the running of three high tension wires and four low tension wires along Doncaster Road to Blackburn Road. It was proposed to reticulate Doncaster, Blackburn, Anderson Creek, Bismark, Williamson and Elgar Roads and Waldau Lane.
The scheme was provisionally accepted on October 5th, when five guarantors agreed to indemnify the Council against loss for 5 years; in the meantime, however, hostilities had broken out and there was a strong move to postpone the scheme for 12 months. In December it was stated at the Council meeting that they would never have a better opportunity in regard to materials etc. than at the present time; it had also been found that the project could be erected for £1,750 and the loan had been accordingly cut to that amount, the money was borrowed from the Commonwealth Bank at 4½%. A bid by a section of the ratepayers to prevent the project by calling for a referendum failed when only 74 people voted against the proposal.
The contract for the building was let in May, 1915, the entire project being supervised by Mr. Crowley. The scheme was later extended as far as Springvale Road at a cost of a further £1,000. The ceremony of switching the light on took place at Beer's (now White's) Corner at 8.30 p.m. February 9th, 1916. The occasion was not quite as successful as was wished, owing to the adverse state of the weather and the fact that the ceremony was due for the previous evening, but had to be postponed owing to the Melbourne Electric Supply Company being unable to provide the current. Crs. Zerbe, Tully and Speers were present together with a small gathering of spectators who were later entertained at the Shire Hall by the President, Cr. Zerbe. The first Shire electrician was Mr. Frank Wright, who was a part time employee as his services were shared with the Lilydale and Nunawading Electric Supply Authorities.
During the year 1915 the Atheneum was remodelled and enlarged at a cost of £1,000, generously loaned by Mr. Fred Wilson for 5 years, with the option of a further 5 years. Guarantees of £100 each were accepted from Messrs. Clay, May, Zerbe, Sell, Robinson, Lawford, John and Thomas Petty, Barkly and Thiele. In August the same year the hall was offered to the Government for use as a military hospital; a medical report stated that there was need for a better water supply, laundry and septic tank. £100 was promised locally to carry out these alterations but the building was not accepted.
In the meantime, the district was throwing itself wholeheartedly behind the war effort. In September, 1915, Cr. Tully announced that a total of £964 had been collected in the Shire towards the various patriotic charities, including £50 by the Shire of Doncaster; £40. 5. 0 from a special collection at the Lutheran Church and £24 to the Belgian Relief Fund even a crop of oats was planted at the Federal Park Cricket Oval for patriotic purposes.
The presence of a number of German Street names in Doncaster was causing the residents a little embarrassment and a petition led by Mr. Fred Zerbe, and signed by 22 ratepayers, was presented to the Council on February 6th, 1916, requesting the Council to rename Bismark and Wilhelm Streets and Waldau Road and suggesting the following alternatives. Wilhelml St. to become King St., Waldau Rd. to become Queens Ave. and Bismark St. to become Weatherby Road. The petition was allowed to lie on the table for a month and upon it coming up for discussion Cr. Pickering pointed that there was already a Queens Avenue in Doncaster though it hadn't been taken over by the Council, he had spoken to the petitioners and they suggested the name of George Street. In regards to Weatherby Road, he thought it foolish to have it only on one side of the main road. Cr. McNamara inquired after whom Weatherby Road took its name but none of the Councillors had any idea. Cr. Tully then stated that no monarch had been held in higher esteem than Queen Victoria and if that name was given to Bismark Street from the main road it would not clash with Weatherby Road. The alterations were agreed to and carried on the motions of Crs. Pickering and Crouch. Thus Wilhelm Street became King Street, Waldau Road became George Street and Bismark Street became Victoria Street.
The years 1917 and 1918 proved particularly trying on the community owing to the drawnout period of hostilities. The Doncaster Council, on the whole, steered clear of the protracted arguments on conscription which figures rather widely in the debates of neighbouring public bodies - they contended that it was a matter entirely for the Federal authorities. In 1917 the Shire President, Cr. T. H. Petty, enlisted and the Council had difficulty in finding his successor, and things were made worse in November of that year when Mr. W. Thomas resigned as Secretary owing to ill health after 17 years of service with the Shire. Mr. W. A. Webb filled the position temporarily and in December Reginald A. Simmons, Assistant Engineer to the City of Camberwell was accepted from 12 applicants on a salary of £300 a year.
Hostilities ceased at long last in November, 1918, and a large crowd assembled on the hill opposite the Shire Hall to welcome home Ken Graham, the first returned soldier, on November 25th. Several small parties returned but it was not until May, 1919, that the principal body arrived when the following were accorded a rousing welcome :- Lieut. Edgoose and A. E. Ireland, Privates Beer, C. & W. Watts, G. Lloyd and H. Elder. Lieut. Ireland was the only representative from Doncaster to win a commission on the field.
In 1919 the community, though tired after the four weary years of war, had to face still another scourge in the Spanish Influenza Epidemic. On January 31st, 1919, the Box Hill Reporter stated that the scare of pneumonic influenza was rampant in the Eastern suburbs and there were many rumours of a serious outbreak at Box Hill, but there had been few proven cases. Both the Nunawading and Doncaster Councils had taken the precaution of arranging public innoculations at the surgery of their joint health officer, Dr. A. P. Vaughan, in Rutland Road at a fee of 2/6.
At the Doncaster Council Meeting of February 15th, Mr. Simmons told the meeting that he had distributed circulars on the treatment and prevention of the disease throughout the Shire. In regard to the establishing of an emergency hospital the President, Cr. McNamara thought the Council could leave it in the hands of the Secretary and himself if the occasion arose. Cr. Tully disagreed saying that he thought they should act at once. "The Nunawading Council was making arrangements for a hospital at the Showgrounds and if Doncaster desired the use of it they should communicate with Box Hill immediately, otherwise they should take steps to establish one of their own, or else if cases occur we will have no hospital to take them to. People are asking what the Council is going to do and there is a good deal of dissatisfaction. I have asked Dr. Vaughan to inspect the Atheneum and make a report on its suitability as a hospital but so far I have heard nothing" added Cr. Tully.
Cr. McNamara commented that Dr. Vaughan had been so busy with great crowds waiting outside his surgery that he had no chance of coming over to the Atheneum. It was decided to try and obtain assistance for Dr. Vaughan and an emergency sub-committee comprising of the President, Secretary and Cr. Tully was appointed.
At the following meeting Cr. Tully reported that the Health Department had informed him that it was impractical to establish a hospital in the Doncaster Shire as neither the Templestowe State School nor the Atheneum were suitable, but the Education Department had been good enough to place the Mont Albert State School at the disposal of the Nunawading Council for a hospital and he thought it was probable that Doncaster could join with them, but as the epidemic was already on the wane nothing more was heard of Cr. Tully's proposal.
The following August the disease struck Doncaster again, and though it was short-lived it proved to be of a particularly lethal type. The Shire President, announcing with regret the deaths of J. Cashen, Norman Hunts, a little girl belonging to George Cameron, and Ernest Crouch, the resolution of sympathy was carried with the Councillors rising in silence.
Official figures of the epidemic were given by Dr. Vaughan in his health report to the Doncaster Council in April, 1920. It was stated that there had been 109 cases of pneumonic influenza in the Doncaster Shire and 3 had proved fatal. The comparatively limited spread of the disease he attributed to the isolated nature of the housing in the Shire, the healthy condition of the homes, and the ready way the innoculation provided by the Council had been availed of by the residents.
Source: We believe from handwritten notes in records that the following text is an unpublished manuscript in 2 volumes (Ch1-11 and Ch12-21) written by Louis Radnor Cranfield (1927- 14 Oct 1992) F.R.HIST.S. (Fellow of the Royal Historical Society). Find a Grave Record. National Library of Australia Record.
No comments:
Post a Comment