The story of religious education in the Shire goes back to the first pioneers of Port Phillip, the Rev. James Forbes, first Minister of Scots Church, Dr. Charles Perry, first Anglican Bishop, and others would make trips to the Bulleen District in the forties. In 1842 the first Presbyterian service was conducted in a barn on the property of Mr. Alexander Duncan in Bulleen Road, when some makeshift arrangements had to be made; boards were placed on bags of wheat to serve as seats and a large butter churn with a table cloth over it was used as a reading desk and the Duncan family bible completed the sanctuary.
On the 5th December, 1843, the Rev. Peter Gunn, father-in-law of Mrs. Agnus Gunn, the noted author of "We of the Never Never" was appointed to minister to the peoples of Unwin Special Survey and the Bulleen District. In 1845 the Rev. Gunn purchased a site in Jika Street, Heidelberg, at his own expense and a small church was built; this church served the followers of the Presbyterian Church in the Shire for 50 years until July, 1895, when the Templestowe people decided to hold services in their Mechanics Institute and, within a few months, a church was erected. In 1898 the combined Templestowe and Heidelberg congregations entered into an agreement to appoint a full time minister and to share the expenses. The agreement worked very well and is still in operation until the present day.
At Doncaster there is some doubt as to whether the Church of England or the Lutheran Church was the first in the field, as both appear to go back to the year 1856. In that year the first Anglican service was held at the home of Joseph Pickering, who resided opposite the present Shire Hall. Services were held regularly in homes and later in the Lutheran Church and the Church of Christ, but it was not until 1867 that any move was made to build a permanent church. On January 17th of that year the first meeting of the Vestrymen took place with Edward Tatham in the chair, it was decided that a church should be built and that the work would, as far as possible, be proceeded with on a piecemeal basis; a day's labour with horse and dray was to be valued at 15/- and was to be entered on the subscription list accordingly; the building committee comprised of Edward Tatham, James Cummin, George Holden, J. & C. Pickering, John and Samuel Hardidge.
The going, however, was not as easy as anticipated; in July the total amount collected was only £3.16. 0 and the accommodation of the church was cut from 200 to 100. By April, 1868, things had improved and the tender of George Ince for £110 for the erection of the building was accepted. The foundation stone was laid by the Rt. Rev. Charles Perry D.D. on Whit-Monday June 1st, 1868, in the presence of a very distinguished gathering: the Chief Justice Sir William Stawell, the Very Rev. H. B. McCartney, Dean of Melbourne, the Rev. C. T. Perks of St. Stephen's, Richmond, the Rev. Rowland Hayward of Holy Trinity, Kew, and the Rev. A. J. Pickering, Assistant Rector at Kew.
Another colourful ceremony took place at the opening which was on Easter Monday, 1869, when a march was held by school children with the girls dressed in white dresses and blue sashes. The church was given the name 'Holy Trinity' but it was not until 1933 that it was formally dedicated by Archbishop Head.
Among the earlier ministers who guided the fortunes of the church in its pioneering days were:- the Revs. G. J. Armstrong, G. N. Mathews, R. M. H. Kingsley, M. H. Richardson, J. R. Walker, and Clifton H. Eager. The last mentioned was the father of Sir Clifton Eager, the former President of the Victorian Legislative Council.
Interesting facts gleaned from early records which still survive show that the first wedding was celebrated on the 22nd February, 1870, between Thomas R. Chivers of Templestowe and Emily J. Trott, the Rev. Dean McCartney officiating. The first mention of hospital Sunday is on October 17th, 1875, when the sum of 30/-was collected for the cause. The average weekly attendance was about 50 to 55, but the collection seldom exceeded 15/-.
The Templestowe Church of England dates from the year 1867 when a small wooden chapel was erected opposite the present Pound Yard in High Street which was largely through the efforts of Sidney Ricardo. It was replaced by the present church in 1900. St. Stephen's Church of England, Warrandyte, was originally built as St. John's about the year 1870. It was replaced by a larger structure in 1906 and was again rebuilt in 1941 owing to the church being destroyed by the 1939 bushfires.
The German people were also quick to establish their national church at Doncaster; in 1856 services were held in the homes of Messrs. Straube and Aumann, Messrs. Straube and G. Thiele acting as lay readers on these occasions. On the 30th April, 1858, a meeting was called at the home of Father Aumann to discuss the erection of a church, 18 settlers attended and an acre of land was donated by F. Straube for the site. A contract was let to a Mr. Lankerstorf for £48 for the building and the church was formally dedicated by Pastor Goethe on the 26th December, 1858. A burial ground was laid out round the church and contains many of the pioneer German residents, in all some 44 adults and 72 children were buried there between the years 1862 and 1888.
Doncaster soon became the principal Lutheran church outside Melbourne, the best of good fellowship existed between the German and English families and one of the first actions of the Lutheran Committee was to place the church at the disposal of their English friends.
Among the pastors who have ministered at the church were Pastor Goethe, who had charge until 1867 when he was compelled to resign owing to ill health - he died in America in 1876. Goethe was succeeded by Pastor Herlitz who had charge until Doncaster was made separate parish in 1876 when it was taken over by Pastor Max Von Schramm. Schramm's public spirited work for Doncaster is well known, he remained until 1907. Later Pastors were Hagelau, Held, Felberg, Simplenforpher, Schorer and the present minister, Pastor Pech. The fine services of the late Pastor Simphendorpfer could be enumerated a little; he had charge of the Doncaster parish from 1920 to 1947 and did much ecclesiastical and public work, besides being an extremely popular figure among all the denominations in Doncaster.
The Lutherans have a magnificent brick church which was erected in the year 1892 at a cost of £1,303; the Manse was added in 1907 at a cost of £750 and the hall in 1932 at a cost of £645.
The Doncaster Church of Christ was founded on the 30th August, 1865; at a meeting held in the home of Dr. Porter in Whittens Lane the congregation numbered 8 and comprised of Dr. & Mrs. Porter, H. W. Crouch, R. Taylor, Jane and Sarah Lawford, J. Read and J. W. Webb, the last two being Templestowe representatives. From this modest beginning the Church of Christ grew rapidly and before long numbered many of the district's best known pioneers. Robert Williamson donated a section of land, and a tiny Baptist (Grants) Chapel which stood near the site of the old Shire Hall was purchased and removed across the road to their land.
To Mr. H. W. Crouch must go the honour of doing much of the ground work, he had just arrived from Carlton and was in a position to obtain the assistance of several notable people from the City including Mr. J. G. Burtt M.L.A. for Carlton in the State Parliament who did much sterling work; another pioneer who assisted was Colin Phillips who held the position of Secretary for 26 years.
In 1876 arrangements were made to bring out visiting preachers from the City and in 1881 the first resident Minister was appointed, and, except for a few brief periods, the church has supported a full time preacher ever since. In 1888 the small wooden chapel was replaced by an up-to-date brick church which was considerably extended recently. Among those who will be remembered for their untiring work for the Church of Christ was Martin Zelious, he was proprietor of Western Dining Rooms in William Street, City, for many years, on coming to Doncaster about 1886 he took an active part in the public affairs of the town. He also took a keen interest in the poor and under-privileged people of Melbourne, particularly the news boys who, in those days, largely consisted of unfortunate waifs and strays who were compelled to earn their own living as there were then no orphanages for boys.
The East Doncaster Methodist Church is also an early establishment but, unfortunately, few records have survived to tell us the story of the pioneering days. The congregation was originally organized by Robert Kent and is believed to have met for the first time in the home of Granny Mays in Blackburn Road about 1862 or 1863. In 1866 a butcher shop which had previously done service as a Chapel in Warrandyte, was purchased and removed to the Blackburn Road corner and serviced as both a Chapel and school for a number of years. The present church was erected in 1884 at a cost of £300 and a Sunday School building was added in 1910 - 1911. The Rev. F. H. Delbridge was appointed first resident Minister in 1957.
The Roman Catholic Church did not possess a large following in the Shire until comparatively recent years, records in the possession of St. John's, Heidelberg, suggest that the Parish Priest paid regular visits to Anderson Creek as early as the 1860s, but it was not until 1907 that a church was erected at Warrandyte under Father Parker. Templestowe had a sizeable Irish population since its earliest days but, as the pioneers thought nothing of walking or riding to Church at Heidelberg, no effort was made to build a local church. A small army building was purchased after the second world war for use as a church largely through the efforts of Mr. Ted Schean. Plans are well under way for the erection of churches and schools at Doncaster, Templestowe and Warrandyte.
The development of education has run on a parallel with religious instruction, the early common school established on the Bulleen Flats under Mr. Paynter came only 3 or 4 years after the beginning of the Presbyterian Church in the same locality; the school was soon followed by Furguson's school on Williamson Road which became a National School in 1864. About 3 or 4 years after H. J. Sparkes taught a school in the Templestowe Church of England and in 1874 the Templestowe State School was opened with William Collingwood as first head master.
Another interesting school was the Koonung Creek State School built at the junction of Bulleen and Thompson Roads in 1883; the first teacher was a brilliant young master by the name of Frank Tate - under his guidance the school roll rose from 30 to 80 in its first year and scholars were coming from as far a field as Balwyn and Kew for the privilege of being taught by him. The school was removed to near the Burke and Doncaster Roads corner in 1893 and for a time Miss Kate Duncan, a student teacher under Tate, taught a school at her home on Sandilands Hill, Thompson Road. Tate had a brilliant academic career and became Victoria's first Director of Education in 1902, a position which he held until 1928 with great credit to himself.
Very few Templestowe residents know that the first Salvation Army Reform School in the world once stood near the junction of Thompson and Manningham Roads; the school, which consisted of 2 houses side by side (one still survives) was opened in 1892 by Lieut. Colonel James Brae in answer to an appeal by the Government for the churches to assist in the distressing problem of juvenile delinquency. The school remained open until 1897 when it was removed to its present site at Bayswater, it was then used for girls for a time and is believed to have had accommodation for about 30.
The Doncaster State School dates from 1860 when Max Von Schramm opened a school in the German Chapel; however previous to this schools had been taught by the Misses Wilson in Wilsons Lane and there are records of a school being run by the German settlers for a short time in 1856.
Schramm's school got away to a good start on the 29th April, 1860, when 16 settlers attended a meeting at Mr. Aumann's home for the purpose and the school was duly opened on May 17th. In 1864 it ceased to be a Denominational School and became a National School in the building now occupied by the E.S. & A. Bank; Mr. Schramm remained in charge until 1876 when it became a State School under Mr. A. V. Thiele. The present State School was built in 1887.
The first school at East Doncaster was conducted in the Methodist Church by a Miss Faoullkner in the 1870s, it appears, however, that the East Doncaster School dates from a tiny school which existed at Deep Creek about 1875; the school was situated on the hill above St. Phillip's Church of England. In 1877 it was removed to the corner of Reynolds and Andersons Creek Roads and finally to its present site in 1886.
At Warrandyte, a goldfields school was opened in December, 1858. Old residents believe that its original site was near the river adjacent to the present Gospel Hall and was shifted across the road into Whip Stick Gully. Miss Caroline Blair later taught a school in the Court House and a National School was opened on the corner of Forbes Street in 1864. The State School was built in 1877. Among the teachers who taught at Warrandyte were Mary and Walter Pretty, 1864 to 1868, Thomas Tutton 1868 - 1869, and James Hurley 1869 - 1871, and John Walker from 1871 to 1881. Walker was a member of a distinguished Irish family who held the coveted honour of the Freedom of the City of Dublin - he was later head teacher at Mornington. George Quick was head teacher from 1894 to 1908 and from 1923 to 1925, and is well remembered by the older Warandyte residents, as is Roy Mitchell who was Head Teacher from 1929 to 1936 and did valuable work in organizing the Gold Memorial Committee. The South Warrandyte School dates from 1906 when a school house was brought from Warburton. The school was destroyed by the 1939 bushfires and was replaced by an up-to-date building.
Source: We believe from handwritten notes in records that the following text is an unpublished manuscript in 2 volumes (Ch1-11 and Ch12-21) written by Louis Radnor Cranfield (1927- 14 Oct 1992) F.R.HIST.S. (Fellow of the Royal Historical Society). Find a Grave Record. National Library of Australia Record.
Sporting Bodies
Horse racing played a large role in the early sporting activities of the colony, many country centres possessed their own course and though no race course exists in the Shire today, Doncaster had a prosperous racing club for more than 30 years during the last century. The sport appears to have first begun at Templestowe; "Bells Life", the celebrated sporting newspaper of the sixties, gives us an account of a meeting held at Templestowe on East Monday and expressed surprise that it should have been the only meeting around Melbourne on a public holiday. Course officials included :- Ewen Hugh Came[ron], Charles Newman Jnr. and De Courcy Ireland, son of the Lawyer Richard Davies Ireland.By the year 1870 a Racing Club had been established at Doncaster and race meetings were being conducted up and down the Doncaster Road between the Hotel and the Blackburn Road Corner - they were later shifted to the paddock behind the Hotel. By the year 1880 the Club was well established and was offering as much as £100 prize money per meeting. The Club continued to function until the turn of the century and, with the advent of the tram, crowds of up to 2,000 were not uncommon, but a rather undesirable element also came from the city - prosecutions for disturbances and dishonest practices were not infrequent.
Cricket was the earliest sport played in the Shire, an interesting reference to the game appears in the letter book of the Templestowe Roads Board for the 13th March, 1865. The clerk was replying to an invitation from E. G. Fitzgibbon, the Melbourne Town Clerk, requesting the members to be present for the big inter-colonial match. He wrote :-
"Sir,The first cricket matches in the Shire appear to have been played in Warrandyte, an early map dated 1858, now in the possession of the Central Planning Office, shows a ground used for cricket on the site of the present recreation ground; on January 1st, 1864, we have the scores of a match between the Caledonian Diggers and the Anderson Creek Diggers, when such notable pioneers as E. H. Cameron, Fred and Harry Squires, Richard Porteous, William Masterton and William Collins took part. In the seventies and eighties the Club played with success against Ringwood, Lilydale and other centres but it was not until 1906 that it was placed on a proper and permanent footing. Since then it has played with remarkable success, it being only on about 5 or 6 occasions that it has not been represented in the finals.
Referring to your communication of the 7th inst., I am sorry to inform you that the members and officers of this Board are deplorably ignorant of the noble game of cricket, but no doubt they will be on the ground to witness with interest the progress of the game.
Signed, J. H. Sparke, Clerk to the Board."
The Club's most successful period was in the Box Hill Reporter Association in the 1920s, when it possessed some brilliant players in Jack Coleman, Les McCulloch, James Schubert, Jack Moore and Les Till. A game which is still recalled by the old timers was a match against the Box Hill A.N.A. on Canterbury Park in March, 1926. For three days the teams fought it out and on the last day the Riverside Village required 160 to win and were compelled to bat a man short as the school master, H. H. Paul, was unable to be present; they lost by 12 runs after a great contest, Jack Moore breaking the Reporter Association's record with 9 for 46 in the first innings. Jack Coleman got 6 for 28 in the second and Les McCulloch and Les Till did a fine job with the bat.
Among the notable players who played for Warrandyte were :- William Oldham, who represented Ballarat against Stephenson's All-England Eleven in 1862 and again against George Parr's All-England team in 1864; he played for Warrandyte until he was more than 60 years of age; Roy Mitchell, who was wicket keeper to the first A.I.F. team in England in 1919 and captained Warrandyte from 1930 to 1936; John Bradbury, a distinguished English County cricketer, played for Warrandyte in the post war years, and Alan Chapman who has had a phenominal record as an all-round cricketer over the past 20 years and has done much for cricket in the Upper Yarra.
In Doncaster cricket was first played on a ground adjacent to White's Corner in 1866, few records have survived but, through Tully's History, we know that J. Milne, Holmes, William Lawford, A. C. Thiele, John Petty and Richard Clay were the game's first pioneers. In 1874 the Doncaster Club was formed with George Holden as captain; it played for a number of years in the Doncaster Hotel paddock before the erection of the Doncaster Recreation Ground at the turn of the century. The beginning of the Australia v England Test Matches in 1877 caused a quickening of interest in local cricket and a second club was formed under the name of the "Miserables" about 1878 with J. Mathews as captain. They played in East Doncaster near the Main and Blackburn Roads Corner on the site of the house owned by the late Mr. Perc. Clay for many years. A third club was formed in 1881 by Mr. John Tully under the name of the Doncaster Heights, it played for more than 70 years. The Box Hill Reporter Cricket Association was formed in 1890 by Mr. Bright and gave the game a considerable impetus for some years.
A feature of Doncaster cricket is the interest the German families took in the game. August Zerbe, though never a brilliant player himself, was President of the Doncaster C.C. for nearly 30 years and worked unceasingly for the game. Theiles, Fromholds, Bubergang etc. all played in years gone by.
Cricket in Templestowe dates from 1864 when 2 matches were played against Lucerne, a small village near Ivanhoe; the local lads put up a good tussle and were unfortunate to be beaten. The players included :- H. J. Sparke, the local school master and Roads Board Clerk, R. & T. Mundy and Bill Collins of the Anderson Creek Club. These matches were played on the site of the present recreation ground, but the ground fell into disuse after a few years and was ploughed up for use as an orchard.
Cricket was later played on the river flat behind the recreation ground and at the extreme end of Fitzsimons Lane - this was prior to the gazetting of the Templestowe Ground in 1910.
Although Australian Rules Football had a big following in Melbourne as early as the 1870s and crowds of 10,000 and 12,000 were no means uncommon, the game was not played to any extent in country districts for many years after. The first recorded football match in the Shire of Doncaster and Templestowe was on the 5th July, 1890, when the Doncaster Juniors played a Box Hill team by the name of Union Jack at Box Hill, no scores or references to the players have survived. On July 19th the Doncaster State School played the Box Hill State School and lost 3 Goals, 3 Behinds to 2 Behinds, and on the 26th July a return match was played between the Doncaster Juniors and Union Jack, the latter again winning 4 Goals, 6 Behinds to 2 Behinds.
The first senior match in the Shire was Doncaster v Box Hill on June 24th, 1892, Box Hill winning 3 Goals, 15 Behinds to 1 Goal, 5 Behinds. The Doncaster players included :- Meader, Cronin, Collier, Witchell and Bolton. By the year 1895 the Club had become firmly established and another club had been formed at Templestowe although both Clubs were playing only social matches; it was not until about 1908 that they joined the Box Hill Reporter Association.
The Warrandyte Football Club was formed in 1908 with John Friesh as President and William Moore as Secretary. The Club played first in the Diamond Valley Association and transferred to the Box Hill Association in 1909; the going was not easy for it, the world war added to its difficulties and it was not till 1928 that it was represented in the finals and another 30 years elapsed before the Club won its first premiership, but it appears to have broken through at last and the prospects for the future are bright.
These, naturally, are but few of the sporting bodies in the Shire and it is unfortunate that space will not allow us to discuss their history in greater detail. The Doncaster Cycle Club, which was very active in the 1920s and the Doncaster Tennis Club founded in 1902 both have interesting pasts and we hope that their story - along with various other public bodies will be made known to posterity.
Artists and Cultural Bodies
Several of Victoria's best known artists have painted within the boundaries of the Shire; those include Louis Buvelot, David Davies, Frederick McCubbin, Sir Arthur Streeton, Penleigh Boyd, Clara Southern and Joe Sweetman. Louis Buvelot made one of the first notable contributions to Australian painting with his two magnificent landscapes "A Summer Evening at Templestowe" and "A Winter's Morning Near Heidelberg" both executed in 1866; they created a strong impression and were purchased by the National Gallery 3 years later. Buvelot, who is recognized as Australia's greatest landscape artist, was the son of a Swiss Postal Official, he spent much of his youth in Brazil where the Emperor was an admirer of his work and awarded him the "Order of the Rose". He arrived in Melbourne in 1865 at the age of 51; he worked for a time as a photographer but soon went back to his profession as an artist which he continued to work at until his death in Melbourne in 1888. His best known works included :- "A Water Pool at Coleraine" and "On the Woods Point Road" which won him a gold medal at the London Exhibition of 1873.
David Davies, who painted the beautiful nocturne "Moonrise - Templestowe" in 1894, is also recognized as an outstanding Australian artist though much of his work was done abroad. He was born at Ballarat in 1865 and studied at the Ballarat School of Design under James Oldham and later at the National Gallery under Follingsby and, for a short time, in Paris under Jean Lourens in 1892; he built a studio on the side of Murray Hill near Milne Street, Templestowe, where his "Moonrise" and several other fine pieces of work were painted. "Moonrise" was purchased by the National Gallery for £300. Davies returned to England in 1897 where he remained until he died in 1939. Though his Australian experience was comparatively limited, his stay at Templestowe was sufficient to have him classed as an Australian artist and today he has many admirers.
Theodore Penleigh Boyd, better known as Penleigh Boyd, stands out as one of Australia's greatest artists in the 20th century; he was an Englishman by birth but came to Australia at a young age and was educated at Haileybury College, Melbourne and Hutchens School, Hobart. He studied Art at the National Gallery under Bernard Hall and Frederick McCubbin and at the age of 19, went to England where he exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1911, returning to Australia in 1913. He won 2nd prize organized by the Federal Government for the best painting of Canberra, and the Wynn prize in Sydney the following year. He went on active service in 1915 and was severely gassed. In 1917 he was invalided home and built a studio on the Kangeroo Ground Road at Warrandyte, which soon became the show place of the town; he continued to paint at Warrandyte until his life was cut short by a motor accident on the Sydney Road near Warragul on November 28th, 1923. He is represented at the Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Geelong and Castlemaine Galleries.
Other successful artists who painted at Warrandyte include Clara Southern, who died in 1941 after a life time of painting in the hills and the town, Frank Crossier, who has several paintings at the National War Museum, Canberra, Joe Sweetman, who died in 1957 and is remembered for his several fine paintings of the Warrandyte Bridge and the Wattles on the River, Harry Hudson, Eric Stephenson, Adrian Lawlor, a noted artist, art critic and author, and [?] Waugh have all painted with success at Warrandyte over the years.
Other fields of artistic achievement have not been so well represented as painting, although the dramatic productions of Frank McNamara in the Doncaster Atheneum in the early 1920s are well worthy of mention, as are Doncaster and Templestowe Amateur Minstrels of the 1890s and the Warrandyte Arts Society which has done much to encourage almost every field of art in recent years.
Source: We believe from handwritten notes in records that the following text is an unpublished manuscript in 2 volumes (Ch1-11 and Ch12-21) written by Louis Radnor Cranfield (1927- 14 Oct 1992) F.R.HIST.S. (Fellow of the Royal Historical Society). Find a Grave Record. National Library of Australia Record.
David Davies, who painted the beautiful nocturne "Moonrise - Templestowe" in 1894, is also recognized as an outstanding Australian artist though much of his work was done abroad. He was born at Ballarat in 1865 and studied at the Ballarat School of Design under James Oldham and later at the National Gallery under Follingsby and, for a short time, in Paris under Jean Lourens in 1892; he built a studio on the side of Murray Hill near Milne Street, Templestowe, where his "Moonrise" and several other fine pieces of work were painted. "Moonrise" was purchased by the National Gallery for £300. Davies returned to England in 1897 where he remained until he died in 1939. Though his Australian experience was comparatively limited, his stay at Templestowe was sufficient to have him classed as an Australian artist and today he has many admirers.
Theodore Penleigh Boyd, better known as Penleigh Boyd, stands out as one of Australia's greatest artists in the 20th century; he was an Englishman by birth but came to Australia at a young age and was educated at Haileybury College, Melbourne and Hutchens School, Hobart. He studied Art at the National Gallery under Bernard Hall and Frederick McCubbin and at the age of 19, went to England where he exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1911, returning to Australia in 1913. He won 2nd prize organized by the Federal Government for the best painting of Canberra, and the Wynn prize in Sydney the following year. He went on active service in 1915 and was severely gassed. In 1917 he was invalided home and built a studio on the Kangeroo Ground Road at Warrandyte, which soon became the show place of the town; he continued to paint at Warrandyte until his life was cut short by a motor accident on the Sydney Road near Warragul on November 28th, 1923. He is represented at the Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Geelong and Castlemaine Galleries.
Other successful artists who painted at Warrandyte include Clara Southern, who died in 1941 after a life time of painting in the hills and the town, Frank Crossier, who has several paintings at the National War Museum, Canberra, Joe Sweetman, who died in 1957 and is remembered for his several fine paintings of the Warrandyte Bridge and the Wattles on the River, Harry Hudson, Eric Stephenson, Adrian Lawlor, a noted artist, art critic and author, and [?] Waugh have all painted with success at Warrandyte over the years.
Other fields of artistic achievement have not been so well represented as painting, although the dramatic productions of Frank McNamara in the Doncaster Atheneum in the early 1920s are well worthy of mention, as are Doncaster and Templestowe Amateur Minstrels of the 1890s and the Warrandyte Arts Society which has done much to encourage almost every field of art in recent years.
Source: We believe from handwritten notes in records that the following text is an unpublished manuscript in 2 volumes (Ch1-11 and Ch12-21) written by Louis Radnor Cranfield (1927- 14 Oct 1992) F.R.HIST.S. (Fellow of the Royal Historical Society). Find a Grave Record. National Library of Australia Record.
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